Pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos: ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa e hipodermóclise / Cancer patients in Palliative Care: occurrences related to venipuncture and hypodermoclysis / Pacientes con cáncer en cuidados paliativos: eventos relacionados con la venopunción y la hipodermoclisis

Resumo Objetivo: identificar as ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa periférica e à hipodermóclise entre pacientes internados em um hospital geral e em um hospital exclusivo de assistência a pacientes em cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: estudo observacional, descritivo e multicêntrico. A amostra do tipo consecutiva e não probabilística foi constituída por 160 pacientes oncológicos internados sob cuidados paliativos. A variável desfecho correspondeu às ocorrências e complicações relacionadas a cada tipo de punção. Utilizou-se um questionário contendo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e um roteiro estruturado para acompanhamento e avaliação diária da punção. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas para a análise dos dados. Resultados: as ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa no hospital geral foram sujidade de sangue na inserção do cateter (17,4 %) e prazo de uso expirado (15,8%), enquanto no serviço específico para atendimento a pacientes sob cuidados paliativos foram prazo de uso expirado (32%) seguido de infiltração (18,9%). Quanto à hipodermóclise, foram duas punções subcutâneas com sinais flogísticos (1,0%) no hospital geral e um hematoma no local de inserção do cateter (0,5%). No serviço específico para atendimento a pacientes sob cuidados paliativos foram três punções subcutâneas com sinais flogísticos (5,7%). Conclusão: as ocorrências relacionadas à punção venosa periférica foram superiores às relacionadas à hipodermóclise.

Abstract Objective: to identify the occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture and hypodermoclysis among patients hospitalized in a general hospital and in an exclusive hospital institution for the care of patients in palliative cancer care. Method: an observational, descriptive and multicenter study. The consecutive and non-probabilistic sample consisted of 160 cancer patients hospitalized in Palliative Care. The outcome variable corresponded to the occurrences and complications related to each type of puncture. A questionnaire containing the sociodemographic and clinical variables and a structured script for monitoring and daily evaluation of the puncture were used. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Results: the occurrences related to venipuncture at a general hospital were blood soiling at catheter insertion (17.4%) and expired use period (15.8%), while at a specific service for the care of patients under palliative care they were expired use period (32%) followed by infiltration (18.9%). As for hypodermoclysis, there were two subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (1.0%) at the general hospital and a hematoma at the catheter insertion site (0.5%). At the specific service for the care of patients under palliative care there were three subcutaneous punctures with phlogistic signs (5.7%). Conclusion: the number of occurrences related to peripheral venipuncture was higher than those related to hypodermoclysis.

Resumen Objetivo: identificar los eventos relacionados con la venopunción periférica y la hipodermoclisis en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital general y en un hospital que atiende exclusivamente a pacientes en cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo y multicéntrico. La muestra consecutiva y no probabilística estuvo compuesta por 160 pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados que reciben cuidados paliativos. La variable resultado correspondió a los eventos y complicaciones relacionados con cada tipo de punción. Se utilizó un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y una guía estructurada para el seguimiento diario y la evaluación de la punción. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Resultados: los eventos relacionados con la venopunción en un hospital general fueron contaminación de sangre en la inserción del catéter (17,4%) y catéter vencido (15,8%), mientras que en un hospital específico que atiende exclusivamente a pacientes en cuidados paliativos oncológicos fueron catéter vencido (32%) seguido de infiltración (18,9%). En cuanto a la hipodermoclisis, hubo dos punciones subcutáneas con signos flogísticos (1,0%) en hospital general y un hematoma en el lugar de inserción del catéter (0,5%). En el hospital en un hospital que atiende exclusivamente a pacientes en cuidados paliativos oncológicos hubo tres punciones subcutáneas con signos flogísticos (5,7%). Conclusión: los eventos relacionados con la venopunción periférica fueron mayores que los relacionados con la hipodermoclisis.

Impacto del volumen de sangre extraído por flebotomía sobre el requerimiento transfusional en prematuros menores de 1500 g. Estudio cuasiexperimental / Impact of the volume of blood collected by phlebotomy on transfusion requirements in preterm infants with birth weight of less than 1500 g. A quasi-experimental study

Introducción. La anemia es una complicación para los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer, y los exámenes de laboratorio son un factor de riesgo preponderante. Más del 50 % recibe, al menos, una transfusión de glóbulos rojos. Estas se han asociado a mayor riesgo de infecciones, hemorragia intracraneal, enterocolitis necrotizante y displasia broncopulmonar. En 2012, se implementó, en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, una estrategia de menor volumen de extracción de sangre por flebotomía. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar su asociación con el número detransfusiones.Métodos. Estudio cuasiexperimental del tipo antes/después. Se comparó el número de transfusiones entre dos grupos de prematuros de muy bajo peso con diferente volumen de extracción. Se evaluó la correlación entre el volumen extraído y el número de transfusiones estimando el coeficiente de Spearman. Para ajustar por confundidores, se realizó un modelo de regresión logística.Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 178 pacientes con edad gestacional media de 29,4 semanas (desvío estándar: 2,7) y peso al nacer de 1145 gramos (875-1345). El perfil de la serie roja inicial fue similar entre ambos grupos. El número de transfusiones (p = 0,017) y el volumen transfundido (p = 0,048) disminuyeron significativamente. El coeficiente de correlación resultó de 0,83. En el análisis multivariado, volumen de extracción y peso al nacer se asociaron a un requerimiento mayor de 3 transfusiones.Conclusión. Un menor volumen de extracción de sangre en prematuros de muy bajo peso está asociado de manera independiente a menor requerimiento transfusional.

Introduction. Anemia is a complication in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, and lab tests are a predominant risk factor. At least one red blood cell transfusion is given in more than 50 % of cases. Transfusions are associated with a higher risk for infections, intracranial hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In 2012, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires implemented a strategy to collect a lower blood volume by phlebotomy. The objective of this study was to assess its association with the number of transfusions.Methods. Before-and-after, quasi-experimental study. The number of transfusions was compared between two groups of VLBW preterm infants with different blood collection volumes. The correlation between the collection volume and the number of transfusions was assessed estimating Spearman's coefficient. A logistic regression model was used to adjust for confounders.Results. The study included 178 patients with a mean gestational age of 29.4 weeks (standard deviation: 2.7) and a birth weight of 1145 g (875-1345). The baseline red series profile was similar between both groups. The number of transfusions (p = 0.017) and the transfusion volume (p = 0.048) decreased significantly. The correlation coefficient was 0.83. In the multivariate analysis, collection volume and birth weight were associated with a requirement of more than three transfusions.Conclusion. A lower blood collection volume in VLBW preterm infants is independently associated with fewer transfusion requirements.

Nursing protocol in vascular trauma prevention: peripheral catheterization bundle in urgency / Protocolo de enfermería en la prevención del trauma vascular: bundle de cateterismo periférico en emergencias / Protocolo de enfermagem na prevenção de trauma vascular: bundle de cateterismo periférico em urgência

ABSTRACT Objective: to create, apply and analyze in clinical practice the effectiveness of a bundle to prevent peripheral vascular trauma to approach the peripheral venous puncture process. Method: action research with 435 adult participants in an emergency service from 2011 to 2013. Creation of the bundle for prevention of vascular trauma based on scientific evidence, ease of operation, observation and measurement with implantation through an educational intervention of the team of nursing. Effectiveness analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using chi-square. Consecutive sample with 95% confidence interval. Results: Five stages of the bundle were related to the catheter fixation, permanence and removal process. The incidence of vascular traumas due to vein punctures reduced by 46.41% after implantation of the bundle to prevent vascular trauma associated with emergency peripheral catheterization. Conclusion: The bundle in clinical practice reduced vascular traumas by venipuncture.

RESUMEN Objetivo: crear, aplicar y analizar en la práctica clínica la efectividad de un paquete para prevenir el traumatismo vascular periférico para abordar el proceso de punción venosa periférica. Método: investigación de acción con 435 participantes adultos en un servicio de emergencia de 2011 a 2013. Creación del paquete para la prevención de traumas vasculares basado en evidencia científica, facilidad de operación, observación y medición con implantación a través de una intervención educativa del equipo de enfermería. Efectividad analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial utilizando chi-cuadrado. Muestra consecutiva con intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Cinco etapas del paquete se relacionaron con la fijación del catéter, la permanencia y el proceso de extracción. La incidencia de traumas vasculares se redujo en un 46,41% después de la implantación del haz para prevenir traumatismos vasculares asociados con cateterismo. Conclusión: el paquete en la práctica clínica redujo los traumas vasculares por venopunción.

RESUMO Objetivo: criar e aplicar um bundle na prática clínica e analisar sua efetividade para prevenção de trauma vascular periférico para abordagem do processo de punção venosa periférica. Método: pesquisa-ação com 435 participantes adultos num serviço de urgência, no período de 2011 a 2013. Criação do bundle para prevenção de trauma vascular baseada em evidências científicas, com facilidade de operacionalização, observação, mensuração e implantação por meio de uma intervenção educativa da equipe de enfermagem. Efetividade analisada por estatística descritiva e inferencial, usando o qui-quadrado. Amostra consecutiva com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: foram realizadas cinco etapas do bundle relacionadas ao processo de fixação, permanência e remoção do cateter. Houve redução de 46,41% na incidência de traumas vasculares após a implantação do bundle para prevenção de trauma vascular associado ao cateterismo periférico em urgência. Conclusão: o bundle, na prática clínica, reduziu a ocorrência de traumas vasculares decorrentes de punção venosa.

Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da flebite: revisão integrativa da literatura / Los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de flebitis: revisión integrativa de la literatura / Risk factors for the development of phlebitis: an integrative review of literature

Resumo OBJETIVO Descrever as evidências científicas publicadas na literatura acerca dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento das flebites. MÉTODO Revisão integrativa da literatura com inclusão de 14 artigos originais encontrados nas bases LILACS, Scielo e Pubmed de janeiro de 2004 a abril de 2015 e analisados quanto ao nível de evidência e frequência, fatores associados, grau e tratamento das flebites. RESULTADOS A frequência/incidência/taxa mínima de flebite foi 3% e a máxima foi 59,1%. A maioria dos artigos (57,14%) relataram associação da flebite com fatores de risco, dentre eles, o tempo de permanência, local de punção e/ou região anatômica, tempo de internação, quantidade de acessos, motivo de retirada, sexo, antibióticos, manutenção intermitente e inserção de emergência. CONCLUSÕES Identificou-se a necessidade uniformização da quantificação deste evento e uma baixa consonância entre os fatores de risco associados a flebites. Outros estudos necessitam ser desenvolvidos para o real entendimento deste agravo no cotidiano hospitalar.

Resumen OBJETIVO Describir las evidencias científicas publicadas en la literatura sobre los factores de riesgo para el desenvolvimiento de las flebitis. MÉTODO Revisión integradora con la inclusión de 14 artículos originales se encuentran en el LILACS, SciELO y PubMed desde enero 2004 hasta abril 2015 y se analizaron para el nivel de evidencia y la frecuencia, factores asociados, el grado y el tratamiento de flebitis. RESULTADOSLa frecuencia/incidencia/ tasa mínima de flebitis fue del 3% y el máximo fue de 59,1%. La mayoría de los artículos (57,14%) reportaron asociación de la flebitis con los factores de riesgo, entre ellos la duración de la estancia, el sitio de punción y/o región anatómica, tiempo de internación, número de accesos, razón normal de retiro, el sexo, los antibióticos, mantenimiento intermitente y inserción de emergencia. CONCLUSIONES Se identificó la necesidad de estandarizar la cuantificación del evento y una línea baja entre los factores de riesgo asociados con la flebitis. Otros estudios necesitan ser desenvueltos para el real entendimiento de este agravio en la rutina hospitalario.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the scientific evidence published in literature regarding the risk factors for the development of phlebitis. METHOD Integrative literature review with the inclusion of 14 original articles found in the LILACS, Scielo and Pubmed bases from January 2004 to April 2015, analyzed by levels of evidence and frequency, associated factors, degree and treatment of phlebitis. RESULTS The frequency / incidence / minimum rate of phlebitis was 3% and the maximum was 59.1%. Most articles (57.14%) reported an association of phlebitis with risk factors, including the dwell time, puncture site and / or anatomical region, hospitalization period, number of accesses, reason for removal, sex, antibiotics, intermittent maintenance and emergency insertion. CONCLUSIONS The need for standardizing the quantification of this event and a weak connection between the risk factors associated with phlebitis were identified. Further studies need to be developed in order to grant a real understanding of this disease in the daily routines of a hospital.

Lesão de nervo cutâneo antebraquial lateral relacionada à venipuntura: o que saber? / Venipuncture-related lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve injury: what to know? / Lesión del nervio cutáneo antebraquial lateral relacionada con la venopunción: ¿qué debemos saber?

Justificativa e objetivos: a venipuntura é um dos procedimentos mais comuns na prática anestésica cotidiana. Embora geralmente inócuas, lesões de nervos periféricos com sequelas graves foram descritas após venipuntura. Apresentamos um caso de lesão de nervo cutâneo antebraquial lateral relacionada à venipuntura, juntamente com as informações de diagnóstico e prognóstico essenciais para a prática cotidiana. Relato de caso: paciente do sexo masculino, 27 anos, submetido à venipuntura de fossa antecubital direita, com uma agulha de calibre 20, para avaliação metabólica de rotina. O paciente sofreu uma dor aguda, tipo choque elétrico, que percorreu a face lateral do antebraço desde a fossa antecubital proximal até o pulso lateral direito e a base do polegar direito. Após 24 horas, o paciente ainda sentia a dor semelhante a choque elétrico que foi classificada como 8/10 no braço distal lateral direito, no pulso lateral direito e na base do polegar, acompanhada de parestesia. Fizemos uma revisão da literatura e o paciente recebeu orientação sobre os resultados publicados a respeito desse tipo de lesão. Durante o acompanhamento, o paciente relatou que a disestesia diminuiu cerca de 3-4 semanas após a lesão inicial e que não restou déficit neurológico. Conclusões: lesões de nervos periféricos foram descritas pós-venipuntura, mas a literatura é limitada. Os nervos da fossa antecubital estão classicamente localizados em um plano logo abaixo - e muito próximos - das veias, o que os torna susceptíveis a lesões durante a flebotomia; além disso, sabe-se que existe uma extensa variação anatômica, o que sugere que mesmo uma venipuntura satisfatória não traumática pode danificar diretamente esses ...

Background and objectives: Venipuncture is one of the most common procedures performed in daily anesthetic practice. Though usually innocuous, peripheral nerve injuries with serious sequelae have been described following venipuncture. We present a case of venipuncture related lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve injury, alongside the essential diagnostic and prognostic information for day to day practice. Case: 27-Year old male who underwent venipuncture of the right antecubital fossa with a 20-gauge needle, for routine metabolic assessment. The patient suffered a shooting, electric-type pain traveling on the lateral side of the forearm, from the antecubital fossa proximally, to the right lateral wrist and base of the right thumb. After 24 h, the patient still experienced shooting, electric-type pain that was rated as 8/10 at the right distal lateral arm, right lateral wrist and base of the thumb, accompanied by paresthesia. The literature was reviewed and the patient was counseled regarding published outcomes of these type of injuries. At follow-up, the patient stated that the dysesthesia subsided approximately 3-4 weeks after initial injury, and reported no remaining neurologic deficits. Conclusions: Peripheral nerve injuries have been described after venipuncture, but the literature is limited. Nerves in the antecubital fossa classically lie on a plane just beneath, and in close proximity to, the veins, making them susceptible to injury during phlebotomy; also it has been shown that there is a large range of anatomic variation, suggesting that even a nontraumatic, satisfactory venipuncture can directly damage these nerves. Anesthesiologists must be aware of this possible complication, diagnosis and prognostication to adequately counsel patients in the event that this complication occurs. .

Justificación y objetivos: la venopunción es uno de los procedimientos más comunes en la práctica anestésica cotidiana. Aunque en general es inocua, se han descrito lesiones de los nervios periféricos con secuelas graves después de la venopunción. Presentamos un caso de lesión de nervio cutáneo antebraquial lateral relacionada con la venopunción, conjuntamente con la información de diagnóstico y pronóstico que son esenciales para la práctica cotidiana. Caso: paciente del sexo masculino, de 27 años, sometido a venopunción de la fosa antecubital derecha con una aguja de calibre 20 para evaluación metabólica de rutina. El paciente sufrió un dolor agudo de tipo descarga eléctrica, recorriendo el lateral del antebrazo desde la fosa antecubital proximal hasta la muñeca derecha y la base del pulgar derecho. Después 24 h, el paciente todavía sentía un dolor parecido a una descarga eléctrica que fue clasificado como 8/10 en el brazo distal lateral derecho, en la muñeca derecha y en la base del pulgar, acompañado de parestesia. Hicimos una revisión de la literatura y el paciente recibió orientación sobre los resultados publicados respecto a ese tipo de lesión. Durante el seguimiento, el paciente relató que la disestesia disminuyó aproximadamente 3-4 semanas después de la lesión inicial y no informó déficit neurológico. Conclusiones: se han descrito lesiones de nervios periféricos tras venopunción, pero la literatura es limitada. Los nervios de la fosa antecubital están clásicamente localizados en un plano inmediatamente inferior (y muy cercanos) a las venas, lo que los hace susceptibles a lesiones durante la flebotomía. Además, se sabe que existe una extensa variación anatómica, sugiriendo que incluso una ...

Efficacy of Distraction Methods on Procedural Pain and Anxiety by Applying Distraction Cards and Kaleidoscope in Children

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate two different distraction methods, distraction cards and kaleidoscope, on pain and anxiety relief of children during phlebotomy. METHODS: This study is a prospective, randomized and controlled trial. The sample consisted of 7-11 year-old children who required blood tests. Children were randomized into three groups: the distraction cards group, the kaleidoscope group, and the control group. Data were obtained by interviewing the children with their parents and the observer before and after the procedure. The pain levels of the children were assessed by the parent and observer reports as well as self report using the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. The anxiety levels of children were assessed by parent and observer reports using Children Fear Scale. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-eight children (mean age, 8.8 +/- 1.5 years) were included. The pain levels of children showed significant differences among the groups (p = .005). Both the distraction card group (2.41 +/- 2.49) and the kaleidoscope group (3.10 +/- 2.16) had lower pain levels than the control group did (4.44 +/- 3.64). The distraction card group had the lowest pain levels (2.41 +/- 2.49) among all groups. The procedural anxiety levels of children were significantly different among the groups (p = <.001). Both the distraction card group (1.10 +/- 1.20) and the kaleidoscope group (1.61 +/- 1.12) had lower anxiety levels than the control group did (2.41 +/- 1.30). The distraction card group had the lowest anxiety levels (p = <.001). CONCLUSION: The distraction cards were the most effective method for pain and anxiety relief of children during phlebotomy. Also the distraction method with kaleidoscope was an effective method for pain and anxiety relief during phlebotomy in children.

Two outbreaks of mixed etiology associated with central venous catheters inserted by phlebotomy in critical neonates

Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are the main cause of sepsis in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Central venous catheters (CVCs) are an important part of critical neonates' treatment and are associated with sepsis. The aim of this study was to investigate two outbreaks caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis associated with CVC inserted by phlebotomy in critical neonates. The surveillance was performed from January 2001 to December 2005 at the Brazilian NICU. The genotypic analysis of oxacillin susceptible S. aureus (OSSA) and oxacillin resistant S. epidermidis (ORSE) was performed based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Staphylococcus was the most frequent pathogen (65.8 percent) with highest incidence of CoNS (59.9 percent) followed by S. aureus (40.1 percent). During the five years of surveillance, there were two outbreaks detected, occurred in January-February/02 and August/02 and confirmed by PFGE analysis. The predisposing factors for infection corresponding to both outbreaks were: age <7 days, hospitalization > 7 days, and use of polyethylene CVC through dissection of vein (phlebotomy). This is the first relate of staphylococcal outbreaks associated with CVC inserted by phlebotomy in NICU. PFGE showed polyclonal spread of OSSA during both epidemic and endemic period, and two monoclonal outbreaks of ORSE in the same epidemic period of OSSA.

Can indian classical instrumental music reduce pain felt during venepuncture.

Objective. To determine comparative efficacy of local anesthetic cream, Indian classical instrumental music and placebo, in reducing pain due to venepuncture in children. Methods. Children aged 5-12yr requiring venepuncture were enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical trial conducted at a tertiary care center. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups: local anesthetic (LA), music or placebo (control) group. Eutactic mixture of local anesthetic agents (EMLA) and Indian classical instrumental music (raaga-Todi) were used in the first 2 groups, respectively. Pain was assessed independently by parent, patient, investigator and an independent observer at the time of insertion of the cannula (0 min) and at 1- and 5 min after the insertion using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess the difference amongst the VAS scores. Results. Fifty subjects were enrolled in each group. Significantly higher VAS scores were noted in control (placebo) group by all the categories of observers (parent, patient, investigator, independent observer) at all time points. The VAS scores obtained in LA group were lowest at all time points. However, the difference between VAS scores in LA group were significantly lower than those in music group only at some time-points and with some categories of observers (parent: 1min; investigator: 0-, 1-, 5 min and independent observer: 5 min). Conclusion. Pain experienced during venepuncture can be significantly reduced by using EMLA or Indian classical instrumental music. The difference between VAS scores with LA and music is not always significant. Hence, the choice between EMLA and music could be dictated by logistical factors.

Effect of supine, prone and kangaroo care [KC] Positions on diminishing the pain response in term neonates during venopuncture

Neonates expose to painful procedures even when come to birth healthy. Pain reduction is a definite right for each living creature during medical intervention. It has been proved by many studies that painful experiences during babyhood, besides the early complications such as tachycardia, tachypnea and increase of body metabolic needs, can intensify individual's physiologic and behavioral responses to pain in next stages of life. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of supine, prone and kangaroo care [KC] positions on diminishing the pain response of term neonates during acute pain of venopuncture. In this clinical trial study, 50 healthy neonates between 39 to 40 weeks of gestational age with physiologic icter requiring bilirubin estimation were assigned to receive a venous puncture and assessed for their responses to the pain of venopuncture performed in a standard manner. Blood sampling was performed by an expert nurse in charge of each neonate in three positions including supine, kangaroo care [KC] at a 24-hour interval during 3 days. The place and condition of sampling were equal for all neonates. Pain responses were assessed using DAN scale, then the gathered data were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tests. According to the obtained results there was no significant differences between pain score in supine and prone positions. Limb movements score in supine position was significantly higher than two other positions. In supine position, pain profile score was significantly lower in subjects with higher weight and there was same result in KC position. Based on the results, KC position seems to effectively decrease pain during venopuncture and other painful procedures, but it is suggested to do similar studies to complete the outcome of the present study

Effects of Programmed Information on Coping Behavior and Emotions of Mothers of Young Children Undergoing IV Procedures / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of provision of information on mother's problem focused coping ability during their child's intravenous procedure. METHODS: Data were collected from 56 mothers whose children have admitted to pediatric ward in the hospital. The participants included 27 intervention group mothers and 29 control group mothers. For the information intervention, "Programmed Information for Parental Coping before Intravenous Procedure (PIPC-IP)", video program was made based on self-regulation theory for the experimental group mothers. Mother's coping ability was measured by parental supportive behavior, parental beliefs and Profile of Mood State (POMS). RESULTS: Mothers who received PIPC-IP showed significantly higher levels of supportive behavior (t = 3.55, p = .005) and Parental Beliefs (t = 2.95, p = .005), but no significant difference in negative mood on POMS (t = .15, p = .87) compared to mothers in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that PIPC-IP is an effective intervention to increase the supportive behaviors and beliefs of mothers' problem focused coping ability but not the negative mood.

Pain response of neonates to venipuncture.

OBJECTIVE: To study the physiological and behavioral response to pain. METHODS: 80 healthy neonates requiring bilirubin estimation, blood sugar etc, were randomly assigned to receive a venous puncture. All parameters were recorded 10 minutes prior, during and 10 minutes after the procedure. Evaluated NIPS score and RR. HR, NIBP and O2 saturation observed on Datex-Ohmeda multimonitor. RESULTS: After the venepuncture, heart rate (p<0.001) and blood pressure (p<0.001) were significantly increased in both the groups but more significant increase was present in Group I (>2.5 kg) as compared to Group II (>2.5 kg). Respiratory rate was also increased but more significant in Group II (p<0.001) whereas oxygen saturation was decreased in both the groups but more significant in Group I (p<0.001). Median Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score was higher in both the Groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The outcome measures appear to be reliable indices of term neonates responses to painful stimulation. NIPS are suitable instruments for neonatal pain evaluation.

Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemia of prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO)in reducing the need for red cell transfusions in anemia of prematurity. METHODS: forty -two preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks) were randomly assigned to a "treatment" group (r-HuEPO 400 units/kg every alternate day * 10 doses) or "no treatment" (control) group. All infants on enteral feeds received oral iron 3 mg/kg/day, graded up to 6 mg/kg/day. RESULTS: Higher reticulocyte counts in week 2 and 3 and higher hemoglobin levels in week 4 were noted after treatment with r-HuEPO. Despite stumulated erythropoiesis, the frequency of transfusions could not be reduced with r-HuEPO therapy.Overall, Phlebotomy losses, frequency and volume of redcell transfusions were significantly more in neonates with birthweight <1000 grams compared with those with birthweight >1000 grams (p<0.05). Associated side effects of r-HuEPO such as neutropenia,sepsis, hypertension or increased risk of late death did not occur. CONCLUSION:r-HuEPO therapy was safe without any side effects.Inability of r-HuEPO therapy to minimize red cell transfusions for anemia of prematurity may be explained by a relatively strict red-cell transfusion policy and the desired degree of treatment effect.